这些“Instructional words”会帮到你的essay写作
发表时间:2017-07-21 14:37:07 作者:zhangxin 阅读:60次

虽然没怎么听过,但是,你一定见过他们。例如:analyse、argue、describe等。你以为很简单?绝对不!难着呢。今天meeloun给大家做最最最全的科普。请注意收藏。
建议直接看英文含义:
account for
英文含义:give reasons for; explain
中文翻译:对…做出解释;说明……的原因
give an account of
英文含义:describe
中文翻译:说明;叙述;汇报
to take into account
英文含义:to consider, to think of
中文翻译:考虑到
analyse
英文含义:divide into parts and describe each part and explain their relationship; discuss a problem
中文翻译:vt. 分析;分解;细察
如果你觉得你只需要说一堆东西,就叫分析,那就是注定牺牲。它的内在含义是,首先你得Separate or break up something into its component parts,这样你才可以discover its nature proportion, function, relationship等。这非常需要critical的思维。分析过程中,请注意你的内在逻辑。一堆东西放是没有用的,有节奏有逻辑的分析,才是教授讲师想要的。
argue
英文含义:systematically support or reject a position by presenting reasons and evidence for acceptance or rejection
中文翻译:vi. 争论,辩论;提出理由;vt. 辩论,争论;证明;说服
assess
英文含义:decide how important something is and give your reasons
中文翻译:vt. 评定
别看这个词简单,实际要你写的很多。关键在于说出他的重要性:Decide how important, useful, valuable or effective something is。然后再Identify merits and limitations. 最后,Justify your decision.
compare
英文含义:describe the ways in which two things/characteristics are alike, but also mention differences
中文翻译:vi. 相比,匹敌;比较,区别;比拟(常与to连用);vt. 比拟,喻为;[语]构成
这一般是两样东西的比较,比较啥呢?首先需要Identify 他们的相同点和相似点。可以是concepts, methods or theories. 然后再比较他们的区别,即使问题里没有明确叫你去比较. If appropriate, justify your choice.
contrast
英文含义:describe the ways in which two things, qualities or problems are different
中文翻译:vt. 使对比;使与…对照;vi. 对比;形成对照
这个就很明确了,主要是Identify differences了. If appropriate, give reasons for your preference. 所以,请根据情况而定要不要写上你的原因。
criticise
英文含义:analyse and discuss faults and disadvantages, or merits and facts
中文翻译:vt. 批评;吹毛求疵;vi. 批评;吹毛求疵
这个词很绝。你首先需要表达你的judgements regarding the correctness or merit of the factors being considered. 然后是去讨论包括strong和weak points,接着就是give the results of your own analysis。注意,必须给出你分析的结果。Student insights are expected and arguments must be justified.
define
英文含义:provide clear, concise, authoritative meanings with key details
中文翻译:vt. 定义;使明确
就是非常明确地给出定义。然而,在这里,details are not necessarily required, 但是需要很简要地cite the boundaries or limitations of the definition。
describe
英文含义:give details, recount or relate in sequence to illustrate the topic
中文翻译:vt. 描述,形容;描绘
需要你回忆所有的facts, processes or events. 你不是被要求去explain或者interpret,而是让你去提供一个全面的描述, emphasising the most important points。所以,弄清楚了吧,是需要讲清楚the features。
discuss
英文含义:give both sides of an argument (evidence) and then your own opinion (A warning: 'discuss' is often used loosely by lecturers when they actually mean 'describe')
中文翻译:vt. 讨论;论述,辩论
直截了当,就是要Present a point of view。这就需要description 和interpretation了。而且,你的观点必须有carefully chosen and authoritative evidence去支持。
evaluate
英文含义:decide and explain how great, valuable or important something is look at reasons for and against, draw conclusions (you may judge in favour of one side)
中文翻译:vt. 评价;vi. 评价。
展示一个问题的判断,通过强调strengths and advantages, and weaknesses and limitations。重点是评估the value, worth or relevance of the matter。
explain
英文含义:clarify and interpret meaning in order to show reasons, causes and effects
中文翻译:v. 说明;解释
你应该主要的关注焦点在于 'why',或者在于 'how',然后阐明以下几点:reasons, causes and effects。你被测试的是你的think critically的能力,练习你的洞察力。
illustrate
英文含义:use examples or diagrams that prove the answer is correct and clarify meaning
中文翻译:vi. 举例;vt. 阐明,举例说明;图解
这个是让你做explanation。你可以阐明你的回答,通过presenting a figure, picture, diagram or concrete example.
justify
英文含义:provide reasons for a decision or viewpoint
中文翻译:vt. 证明…是正当的;替…辩护;vi. 证明合法
首先,用evidence来支持你的argument。然后,解释你的conclusions or decisions是怎么来的。更重要的是,去预测和处理那些可能的不同意见。
outline
英文含义:give an organised description in which you state main points or features but omit detail
中文翻译:vt. 概述;略述;描画…轮廓
教授和老师需要看到的,是organised description。你就需要给到他们main points and essential supplementary materials, 但是忽略小细节,不用在那写有的没的。用systematic arrangement or classification来进行表达。
relate
英文含义:emphasise connections, relationships and associations
中文翻译:vt. 叙述;使…有联系
这是强调relationships的,所以你的答案应该要emphasise connection and associations in a descriptive manner.
summarise
英文含义:give a concise account of main points of a subject, omitting details or examples
中文翻译:vt. 概括(等于summarize)
简单粗暴,不要细节,不要废话,直接出结论。
trace
英文含义:Present events or stages of a process in order.
中文翻译:vt. 追踪,查探;描绘;回溯;vi. 追溯
要写出a thing, event or idea的development, process or history,特别是要列出最早到最新的那些证据,展示出变化。
