Essay和Report区别及结构要求

发表时间:2021-08-31 15:41:23 作者:zhouzhengmao 阅读:313次

在英国留学，写论文是每个学生都必须经历的一道坎。对于中国学生来说，用第二语言撰写出一篇精彩的论文，也着实需要努力下一番功夫。

Assignment通常分为两种形式，Essay和Report；二者虽有所差别，但大体相同；不同学校不同专业的Assignment，会对写成Essay或Report的格式作出明确要求，所以学生需要认真阅读题目；

1.Essay和Report区别

以爱丁堡大学对Essay和Report的划分与结构为例：

Reports	Essays
Reports often originate from outside the academic world：they are typical of writing required for the world of work. (Reports通常来自学术之外)	Essays originate in academic settings：they are rarely used anywhere else. (Essays来自于学术环境)
Reports often present data and findings that you have collected yourself， for example through a survey， experiment or case study， or by applying theory to your workplace. (报告通常显示由个人收集的数据和结果，例如通过调查，实验或案例研究，或将理论应用于研究)	Essays focus on analyzing or evaluating theory， past research by other people and ideas.They seldom present the findings of newly conducted research. (论文的重点是分析或评估理论，以及过去的研究和思想，但是很少提出正在进行的研究结果.)
Essays and reports have different different. (论文与报告的结构不同)	Essays and reports have different different. (论文与报告的结构不同)
A report is divided into separate， headed(and sometimes numbered) sections and sub-sections. (报告分为单独的几部分，有概述部分和子部分，并且有时是有编号设置的)	Essays do not usually have sections； they flow as a continuous piece of writing. (论文没有分单独的部分，并且具有连贯性)
A report may contain tables， charts and diagrams. (报告包含表格，图表等内容)	Essays do not usually include tables，charts or diagrams. (论文不包含表格，图表等内容)
Reports usually include descriptions ofthe methods used(e.g. 'I observed') (报告需要描述所用的方法，例如“我观察过")	Essays should not refer to the method used in arriving at conclusions. (论文不需要提及用于得出结论的方法)
The description in a report often includes comment on how the research could be improved and extended. (报告需要涉及如何改进和扩展研究的评论)	Essays are not usually reflective about the process of researching and writing the essay itself. (论文不需要反思研究和撰写论文本身的过程)
Reports often include recommendations for action. (报告需要提及对未来研究的建议)	Essays do not include recommendations. (论文不需要提及对未来研究的建议)

Report结构	Essay结构
Abstract (executive summary) --- very briefly summarizes the whole report (should be written last). （摘要---简要总结整个报告，并且这部分应该最后完成）	Introduction--- gives some background information about the issue and that ‘signposts’ what the essay is goingto cover. （开头简介---提供有关论文话题的一些背景信息，以及“标识”文章涵盖的内容）
Introduction --- describesthe purpose of the report, explains why it is necessary and/or useful, and setsout its precise aims and objectives. （开头简介---描述报告的目的，解释文章的重要性和意义，并阐明其具体的目标）	Body--- divided into paragraphs that each deal with adifferent aspect of the issue. Most of the paragraphs in the body of an essayshould be linked one idea should ‘flow’ into another. （正文主体---需要分段落，每个段落分别阐述并分析问题的不同方面。并且文章正文中的段落都应该将不同的想法或论点联系起来，使其具有连贯性）
Literature review--- describes and analyses currentresearch and thinking on the problem or issue. （文献综述---阐述并分析当前与论文话题相关的其他研究文献）	Conclusion --- summaries the main points made in the essay. （结论---总结论文中提出的要点）
Methodology --- describesand justifies the methods used to collect data. （方法论---描述和辩证分析用于当前论文话题收集数据的方法）	Bibliography(or reference list). （参考书目或参考文献清单）
Results (findings)section that simply presents the results of the research (consist mainly oftables, charts, diagrams etc.). （研究结果或发现---阐述研究结果，主要包括表格，图表等）
Discussion (analysis orinterpretation) that analyses the results. This is often the most importantsection of a report. （讨论并分析研究结果---报告中最重要的部分）
Conclusion --- summarizesthe report, often revisiting the aims and objectives. （结论---总结报告，通过结果，重新审视研究目标）
Recommendations --- thewriter uses the results and conclusions of the report to make practicalsuggestions about the problem or issue being discussed. （建议---通过报告的结果和结论，对正在讨论和研究的问题提出实际建议。）
Bibliography (or referencelist). （参考书目或参考文献清单）
Appendices (Appendix 1,Appendix 2, etc.) where data (e.g. in tables) to which the report refers is ‘stored’. （附录---用于罗列报告中所引用的数据或图片）

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